Conflict theory’s primary suggestion for reducing crime and deviance involves the_____________?

A. Substantial reduction of economic inequality
B. Subordination of the agents of social control
C. Redefinition of acts that are currently defined as criminal
D. Amelioration of social welfare activities

Psychological positivism stresses the key role that _______ plays in the development of conformist of criminal belief systems?

A. Pre-natal nutrition
B. Hormones
C. Genetic abnormalities
D. Early childhood

According to Strain theory, ____ are those individuals who have traditional success goals but substitute deviant means by which to achieve them ?

A. Ritualists
B. Ret realists
C. Rebels
D. Innovators

What sociological theory of crime and deviance emphasizes sub-cultural belief systems as a major contributor to crime ?

A. Social control theory
B. Anomie theory
C. Lower class focal value theory
D. Social process theory

Social Control theory attempts to explain_____________?

A. Conformity
B. Corporate crime
C. Psychologically-based crime
D. Lower-class crime

Robert Merton’s ideas on crime and deviance make use of the concept of anomie. What does anomie mean in Merton’s work ?

A. Normlessness
B. Meaninglessness
C. Social strain
D. Social adaptation

Which of these is not a concept associated with Left Realist explanations of criminal subcultures ?

A. Social exclusion
B. Individual pathology
C. Political marginalization
D. Relative deprivation

Which of the following is not a reason why corporate crime is more difficult to prosecute compared with individual crimes ?

A. Victims may not realise that a crime has been committed
B. It is more difficult to apportion blame to corporate criminals
C. Legal systems are founded on individual not collective responsibility
D. Corporate offences cause less harm than crimes against an individual

What is defined as ‘non-conformity to a given set or norms that are accepted by a significant number of people in a community or society ?

A. Criminality
B. Deviance
C. Recidivism
D. Degeneracy

Merton describes types of response to a situation where there are widely socially endorsed values but limited means of achieving them. Which of his types describes an acceptance of the values but willingness to use any means to achieve them?

A. Conformists
B. Innovators
C. Ritualists
D. Retrealists