The traditional urbanization exhibits a concentration of human activities and settlements around the downtown areas when the residential area shifts outward this is called_____________?

A. Suburbanization
B. Network city
C. Postmodern city
D. All of the above

Urbanism is the study of________________?

A. Cities
B. Human communities’ rural areas
C. Transition
D. None of these

Labelling theory came into prominence during which decade of the twentieth century ?

A. 1950s
B. 1980s
C. 1940s
D. 1960s

Labelling theory encourages ________ as a way to completely avoid the stigmatization process?

A. Restitution
B. Legalization
C. Radical non-intervention
D. Decriminalization

Which of the following statements about crime and deviance is false ?

A. The concept of ‘deviance’ is much broader than ‘crime’
B. Deviance and crime very often overlap
C. The concept of deviance can be applied to individuals and groups
D. Deviance is normally sanctioned by law

What is Howard Becker’s famous definition of deviance ?

A. Deviant behavior is behavior that is labelled so by the law
B. Deviant behavior is behavior that people so label
C. Deviant behavior is that labelled by the perpetrators
D. Deviant behavior is that which causes public offence

The approach to crime prevention based on increased surveillance (such as CCTV and Neighborhood Watch schemes) and target hardening (such as a car immobilizers and better home security) is known as what ?

A. The new criminology
B. Broken windows theory
C. Situational crime prevention
D. Deviance reduction theory

Which one of the following is an example of a ‘third generation’ or true cybercrime ?

A. International drug dealing via email
B. The global trade in online pornography
C. The vandalizing of virtual environments
D. Theft of goods sold via online action websites

Who first introduced the notion of anomie into sociology ?

A. Comte
B. Marx
C. Weber
D. Durkheim

Which approach holds that deviance is not a feature of a group or individual but a process of interaction through which one group becomes defined as deviant ?

A. Labelling theory
B. Control theory
C. Functionalist theory
D. Conflict theory