Which of the following learning mechanism does B.F. Skinner see as being the major means by which behavior is learned?

A. Classical conditioning
B. Operant conditioning
C. Observational learning
D. Insight learning

When an operant response stops occurring because it is no longer reinforced, which of the following has taken place?

A. An avoidance response
B. Generalization
C. Extinction
D. Negative reinforcement

In Pavlov’s experiments, the dog’s salivation triggered by the sound of the bell was a/an _________________?

A. Conditioned response
B. Unconditioned response
C. Unconditioned stimulus
D. Conditioned stimulus

For most people, personal insults, fines, and headaches serve as ________________?

A. Negative reinforces
B. Positive reinforces
C. Either a or b depending on the discriminative stimulus
D. Punisher but not reinforces

A response that leads to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus is one being _____________________?

A. Positively reinforced
B. Negatively reinforced
C. Punished
D. Extinguished

In order to obtain a reward, a monkey learns to press a lever when a bell tone is on but not when a Buzzer tone is on. What kind of training is this?

A. Extinction
B. Generalization
C. Spontaneous recovery
D. Discrimination

Which one of the following is necessary before an avoidance response can take place?

A. A positive reinforce
B. A discriminative stimulus
C. Punishment
D. Shaping

Which of the following is an example of reinforcement?

A. Presenting a positive stimulus after a response
B. Removing an unpleasant stimulus after a response
C. Being told that you have done a good job
D. All of the above

The highest and most consistent rate of response is produced by a ________________ schedule?

A. Fixed-ratio
B. Variable-ratio
C. Fixed-interval
D. Variable-interval

Which of the following is a form of associative learning?

A. Classical conditioning
B. Operant conditioning
C. Observational learning
D. All of the above