Which of the following phenomenon was studied by Pavlov?

A. Maturation
B. Animal cognition
C. Operant conditioning
D. Classical conditioning

The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called __________________?

A. Shaping
B. Acquisition
C. Discrimination
D. Generalization

Behavior according to operant conditioning theory is controlled by __________________?

A. Its consequences
B. Free will
C. Knowledge
D. Instinct

Behavior therapists can help people to overcome such unwanted habits as smoking or overeating through _____________________?

A. Operant conditioning
B. Observational learning
C. Place learning
D. Habituation

Which schedule of reinforcement produces the greatest resistance to extinction?

A. Fixed ratio
B. Fixed interval
C. Variable ratio
D. Variable interval

In Pavlov’s experiments, the dog’s salivation triggered by the taste of food was a/an __________________?

A. Conditioned response
B. Unconditioned stimulus
C. Unconditioned response
D. Conditioned stimulus

The process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior is called ___________________?

A. Shaping
B. Partial reinforcement
C. Secondary reinforcement
D. Modeling

Pavlov’s initial discovery of what is now called classical conditioning emerged from his earlier studies of __________________?

A. Mating behavior in dogs
B. Operant behaviors in dogs
C. Digestive reflexes in dogs
D. Neurological damage in dogs

Any process that increases the likelihood that a particular operant response will occur again is called ________________?

A. Reinforcement
B. Punishment
C. Discrimination
D. Chaining

A student who has never studied decides to try it and is delighted to receive a B on the exam rather than the usual D. The student starts studying more regularly as a result of __________________?

A. Classical conditioning
B. Habituation
C. Positive reinforcement
D. B and c