Which is NOT the case? The stages of change model:

A. Was originally developed by prohaska and diclemente in 1982.
B. Has been applied to several health – related behaviours.
C. Contains five stages which always occur in a linear fashion.
D. Examines how we weigh up the costs of a particular behaviour.

Based on the stages of change model developed by Prochaska and DiClemente (1982), if a person notices that she has been coughing a lot recently and begins to think about stopping smoking over the next six months, she would be at which stage of making behavioural changes?

A. Precontemplation
B. Contemplation
C. Preparation
D. Action

Based on the theory of planned behaviour, if the important people in your life want you to cut down on the amount of alcohol that you drink, what else needs to be in place in order for actual alcohol consumption to change?

A. personal belief that reducing alcohol consumption will be beneficial
B. perceive self to be capable of drinking less
C. subjective norms are in place
D. all of the above

Consider the following statements: “if I get medicine from my doctor, my cold will go away.” “My cold was caused by being run – down.” What are these statements example of?

A. Illness beliefs
B. Self – efficacy
C. Susceptibility
D. Behavioural intentions

Which of the following is NOT true of stress?

A. The external environment is a potential stressor.
B. The response to the stressor is stress or distress.
C. The concept of stress involves biochemical psychological behavioural and psychological changes.
D. All stress is harmful and damaging.

Which of the following statements about Lazarus’s theory of appraisal is FALSE?

A. Lazarus argued that stress involves a transaction between an individual and his or her external world.
B. Lazarus argued that a stress response is elicited if the individual appraises an event as stressful.
C. In primary appraisal , the individual initially appraises his or her coping strategies.
D. In secondary appraisal, the individual appraisal the event.

Alarm, resistance and exhaustion describe three stages represented in which model of stress?

A. life events theory
B. self – regulatory model
C. protection motivation theory
D. selye’s general adaptation syndrome

The desire for notoriety, guilt feelings and the desire to protect someone else describe the psychology contributing to which forensic outcome?

A. Coerced confession
B. Coerced compliance
C. Voluntary confession
D. Voluntary compliance

Which of the following is true when it comes to coerced internalization?

A. The essential element in a coerced- internalized confession is the suspect’s memory for events is correct and that the police version must therefore be false.
B. This type of confession is the direct opposite of cognitive dissonance.
C. Gudjonsson’s notion of interrogative suggestibility consider the extent to which people still maintain their responses despite intenseing.
D. Situational stress, individual factors and current psychological state can all combine to trigger suggestibility to misleading information on the part of the suspect, and so produce a false confession.

Which of the following are include in Farrington’s list of predictive factors?

A. Overly harsh or lax parenting style.
B. Criminality in the family.
C. Low intelligence.
D. All of the above.