State-owned enterprises (SOEs) are also called ?

A. Centralized firms
B. Government oligopolies
C. Market economies
D. Public enterprises

Privatization refers to a range of policies including ?

I. Changing part of a public enterpris’s ownership to the private sector
Ii. liberalization of entry into activities previously restricted to the public sector
Iii. two infant industries merging into a monopoly
Iv. franchising or contracting public services or leasing public assets to the private sector

A critic of “Shock therapy” to transition economies. Vladamir Popov, contends that shock therapists put a heavy emphasis on ?

A. Introducing the reform package at once to ensure that it became too late and costly to reverse the reforms
B. Agricultural reform rather than industrial reforms to overcome food insecurity
C. The creation of a small-scale private sector ans small independent banks
D. Attempts to gradually remake institutions

In 1979-80 China first created _____ for foreigners to set up enterprises hire labor and import duty-free goods for processing and re-exporting ?

A. Special economic zones
B. Liberalized trade monopoly zones
C. Economic union zones
D. Communist free trade areas

The industrial concentration ratio is the proportion of an industry’s output ?

A. Produced by the three largest firms in the industry
B. Produced in cement, machine tools and steel industries
C. And labor intensities relative to labor productivity
D. As a percentage of production and marketing

Countries facing a persistent external deficit can ?

I. Borrow overseas
Ii. increase trade restrictions and exchange controls
Iii. undertake expansionary monetary and fiscal policies
Iv. undertake expenditure-reducing policies

Structural economists from the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) emphasized ?

A. Contractionary monetary and fiscal policies
B. Currency devaluation
C. Long-run institutional and structural economic change
D. Short term-adjustment with a human face

S = Savings, I = domestic investment, X = exports of goods and services, and M = imports of goods and services Which of the following is true ?

A. S – i = x = m
B. S + i = x + m
C. S = i – (x+m)
D. S-i = x/m

Pathologies endemic to the Soviet bureaucracy included secrecy formalism cumbersome procedures rigidity and the tendency to concentrate on control rather than performance The party controlled The state by using the ____ the power to recommend and approve managers in administration and enterprises, of appointments and promotions to control access to government positions ?

A. Gosplan
B. Gosagroprom
C. Nomenklatura system
D. Parastatals

Countries with chronic balance of payments deficits eventually need to borrow abroad often from the ________ as the lender of last resort?

A. U.s
B. Oecd
C. Imf
D. Opec